Collegiate Sports Essay -- NCAA

Weston (2006) provided a more focused approach in describing the value of foreign signings in collegiate competition. However, instead of focusing on the financial gains associated with sustained success in division 1 competition, Weston discussed the benefits of international recruitment to collegiate sports as a whole to promote globalization and integration in collegiate sports. The term international student-athletes was used by Weston in referring to any foreign born student recruited by a university to play a specific sport in exchange for a college scholarship. In order to gauge the benefits of international recruitment, Weston asserts that a review of pertinent factors must be made. Factors stated by by Weston in her study includes the current standards of the NCAA, the effects of these signings to the educational opportunities and playing environment for local student-athletes and the American perception of internationalization of college sports (Weston, 2006). The primary benefit of international recruitment is the improvement of an already celebrated phenomenon in the United States. Globalization in collegiate sports through migration and movement of foreign athletes is generally beneficial for all institutions (Weston, 2006). The presence of these international athletes provide diversity that enriches the whole educational and sporting experience in inter-collegiate sports, fostering a sense of brotherhood, international relations, and cultural integration that Weston believes would improve the political and social awareness of students that are not only limited in the realm of sports competition. The increased number of available talent increases the quality of competition, resulting into the improvement of the sp... ...es present for local students to have success in their respective sports. Abbey-Pinegar asserted that the enforcement of discernible rules and regulations would help improve and standardized the system of international recruitment, allowing more schools to experience its benefits rather then only a few. Abbey-Pinegar concluded that international signings of foreign student-athletes would continue for the desire of many schools is to create a winning team for the success of their sports programs. Creating policies and standards that enforce regulation and standardization of international recruitment can help create a level playing field for schools in the different NCAA divisions. Furthermore, the creation of such regulations can help alter the focus of many towards the benefits that international recruitment brings to the students rather than the institution.

A Step Forward Or A Step Backward Environmental Sciences Essay

Introduction:â€Å" Our mission is to be a first metals and excavation group and generate superior fiscal returns. † With this mission Vedanta group entered Indian excavation industry under the leading of Mr. Anil Agarwal ( Executive Chairman ) . Vedanta Resources Plc. signed a MoU with Orissa authorities in 1997 for mining bauxite from Niyamgiri Hills near Lanjigarh. This besides led to put up 1.75mtpa aluminum smelter at Jharsuguda, all in Odisha. Although the Alumina Refinery Project was commissioned in 2007 and the excavation undertaking was cleared by the Supreme Court of India in 2008, OMC has non yet been able to get down the excavation undertaking chiefly due to the rejection of the concluding clearance by the Ministry of Environment and Forest ( MoEF ) .[ 1 ]The instance is still held with Supreme Court of India and Vedanta has decided to close down its Lanjigarh works from December 2012 if no alternate solution comes from either province authorities or Cardinal authorities. As per VAL Chief Operating Officer Mukesh Kumar â€Å" If the state of affairs improves by December 5, the company may non close down the works † . Kumar said despite the province authorities ‘s committedness to provide natural stuff to the refinery, it has non been given ‘even one gm ‘ of bauxite so far.[ 2 ]VAL has so far invested Rs 9,000 crores in the undertaking which employs about 7,000 people, including direct occupations to 3,000 individuals. â€Å" In retrospect we feel it was a bad determination to travel for such immense investings here, † remarked a senior VAL functionary.[ 3 ]VAL ‘s determination is bound to direct a incorrect signal amongst the prospective investors, that mineral-rich Odisha, contrary to the claims of the province authorities, is far from welcoming industries.VEDANTA- About the company:â€Å" Our vision is to be a universe category, diversified resources company supplying superior returns to our stockholders with h igh quality assets, low cost operations, and sustainable development. † [ Vision: Vedanta Resources PLC. ][ 4 ] Based in London, Vedanta is a globally diversified natural resources group with wide-ranging involvements in aluminum, Cu, Zn, lead, Ag, Fe ore, oil and gas and power. Vedanta is the first Indian fabrication company to be listed on the London Stock Exchange, and continues to be a portion of the FTSE 100 Index. With experient work force of over 31,000 employees worldwide, Vedanta Resources plc is a globally diversified natural resources group with grosss in surplus of US $ 11 billion. Vedanta has operating locations in India, Zambia, Namibia, South Africa, Liberia, Ireland and Australia through assorted subordinates. Australia: Copper Mines of Tasmania: An belowground Cu excavation operations located in Tasmania with ore production capacity of 2.8mtpa. This is supplied wholly to Sterlite ‘s Cu smelter operations in India. Northern rhodesia: Konkola Copper Mines: KCM has to the full integrated Cu operations in Zambia with several mines at Konkola and Nchanga. South west africa: Sterlite own the Skorpion mine in Namibia. This plus was acquired from Anglo American ‘s Zn concern. South Africa: Sterlite owns 74 % of Black Mountain Mining in South Africa, which includes the Black Mountain Mine and Gamsberg undertaking. Liberia: Acquired Liberia Iron ore assets with an estimated 1bn tonne militias and resources in FY 2011-12. Irish republic: Sterlite picked up 100 % interest in the Lisheen Mine during the acquisition of the Zn concern from Anglo American.Vedanta in India:Sterlite Industries Limited: The concern comprises of 0.4mpta Cu smelting and refinement operations. The company is duplicating the capacity to 0.8mtpa with confined power works. MALCO: The Company has a power works with a coevals capacity of 100 MW. BALCO: A taking Indian aluminum manufacturer with operations in the province of Chhattisgarh, BALCO presently has 245ktpa smelting capacity, 810MW power coevals installations and capableness to bring forth metal bars and other value-added merchandises. BALCO has a 325ktpa smelter undertaking, a 1,200MW power works undertaking, and rights to char block of 211.0mt for confined use. Vedanta Aluminium Limited: â€Å" We will be the universe ‘s most admired company that systematically defines the prima criterions in our concerns, doing our stakeholders proud to be associated with us † , vision[ 5 ]VAL. VAL is based in eastern India and operates a 1mtpa alumina refinery at Lanjigarh. At Jharsuguda, VAL operates 500ktpa aluminum smelter and an associated 1,215MW confined power works. VAL besides has a 1.25mtpa aluminum smelter undertaking at Jharsuguda. Sesa Goa: Sesa Goa is India ‘s largest private sector Fe ore producer-exporter, with excavation and processing installations located in the provinces of Goa and Karnataka. Sterlite Energy: It has two major power works undertakings for commercial power coevals – the 2,400MW power works at Jharsuguda, Orissa of which two units were operations at the terminal of FY 2010-11, and the 2,640MW power works at Talwandi Sabo, in Punjab.The Struggle:For Vedanta Alumina signed the joint venture understanding with the OMC on October 5, 2003 for developing bauxite mines at the Niyamgiri hill near Lanjigarh in Kalahandi territory and the Khambasi hill in bordering Rayagada territory, for usage in its one-million-tonne alumina refinery being set up at a cost of Rs.4,000 crores.[ 6 ]The works got in production by taking all clearances in 2005. But the province resistance alleges that the company was yet to obtain forest clearance for its undertaking as per the Forest ( Conservation ) Act, 1980. They besides alleged that the company had cleared the site and constructed its rehabilitation settlement, office edifice, invitee house and 22 concrete pillars for the co nveyer system from the mines at the Niyamgiri hill to the works site at Lanjigarh without the blessing of the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests. This instance is under legal power of the Supreme Court of India. In behest of these allegations Vedanta is be aftering to close down the works in absence of bauxite mines.Court finding of facts:The Supreme tribunal of India nevertheless allowed Vedanta Aluminium for the excavation undertaking saying that â€Å" If M/s. SIIL is agreeable to the a bow stated Rehabilitation Package so they shall be at autonomy to travel this Court by originating a proper application. This Court is non against the Undertaking in rule. It merely seeks precautions by which we are able to protect nature and bomber service development. I.As. are disposed of consequently. †[ 7 ]The Supreme Court of India besides instructed MoEF to give the environmental clearance after necessary reviews.[ 8 ] But when the Central Empowered Committee ( CEC ) has reprimanded the Ministry in really strong linguistic communication for perfectly go againsting basic dogmas of environmental clearance process, misdemeanor of cardinal commissariats of forest clearances, raised critical issues of bearing false witness against Vedanta, MoEF and Orissa Government,[ 9 ]The Supreme Court of India instructed Vedanta Aluminium Limited to halt its enlargement on the land that it has non fulfilled the environmental clearances.[ 10 ]Environmental position:The aluminum oxide works and the excavation undertaking linked with it will hold serious inauspicious consequence on the vegetations and zoologies due to excavation, overburden dumping, building of proposed route through the dense woods, liquid and gaseous wastewaters emanations, bright light, blaring with explosives, boring and attendant quiver and dust, operation of heavy burden and unloading equipment, pollution etc. Sterlite India ‘s application to the MoEF had sought merely the environmental clearance and no forest clearance ( which, as noted earlier, are separate regulative demands ) for the refinery. However, on 16 August 2004 – after holding made the application for environmental clearance – Sterlite India sought separate permission, under the Forest Conservation Act, for the recreation of 30 hectares of protected wood land and 29 hectares of small town common belongings resource land for the refinery and the conveyer transit system that was to be used to transport bauxite from the mine site to the refinery. India ‘s environmental and forest Torahs make it compulsory for companies to obtain anterior clearances for new industrial undertakings affecting major alterations in land usage forms. The MoEF evaluates applications and grants clearances. The Forest Conservation Act, 1980, regulates forest clearances, while ordinance under the 1986 Environment ( Protection ) Act governs environmental clearances.Impact on H2O governmentMany perennial watercourses originate from the Niyamgiri hill top. 22 H2O harvest home constructions are located in the foothills which provide twelvemonth unit of ammunition H2O supply. Vamsdhara and Nagvalli are two major rivers of South Orissa which emanate from this hill. The excavation of bauxite is bound to destruct the H2O reloading capacity of the hill and will besides do the desertification of perennial watercourses therefore presenting a serious hazard to the lasting beginning of H2O in this country.Disposal of Toxic wastewatersRed Mud Pond and the Ash Pond are being established on the Bankss of river Vamsdhara with a portion of the river really covered by the ruddy clay pond.A A A brassy inundation in the river can do a breach in the pool and which could ensue in a monolithic spill in the river of noxious and toxicant ruddy clay which is a mix of extremely toxic alkaline chemicals and heavy metals including radioactive component all of which could hold black effects.Impact on wildlifeThe PML ( and the Niyamgiri Hills home ground ) is extremely productive in footings ofA wildlife since it provides the valuable ‘edge consequence ‘ to wild animate beings, with unfastened grasslands as feeding infinite and neighbouring trees for shelter andA flight. Mining on the graduated table proposed in this home ground would badly upset elephant home grounds, and endanger the of import undertaking of elephant preservation in south Orissa.Applicable environment protection Acts of the Apostless:Forest Rights Act 2006 – The full PML country falls in the class of Community Forest Resource ( CFR ) as defined in subdivision 2 ( a ) of the Forest Rights Act ( FRA ) Misdemeanor of Forest Conservation Act -The Company is in illegal business of 26.123 hour angle of small town forest lands enclosed within the mill premises. The claim by the company that they have merely followed the province authorities orders and enclosed the forest lands within their mill premises to protect these lands and that they provide entree to the tribal and other villagers to their small town forest lands is wholly false.A Misdemeanor of Environment Protection Act: The Company M/s Vedanta Alumina Limited has already proceeded with building activity for its tremendous enlargement undertaking that would increase its capacity six crease from 1Mtpa to 6Mtpa without obtaining environmental clearance as per commissariats of EIA Notification, 2006 under the EPA. This amounts to a serious misdemeanor of the commissariats of the Environment ( Protection ) Act.[ 11 ]Government/OMC position:The steel and mines section and Odisha Mining Corporation ( OMC ) have expressed their inability to supply Vedanta Aluminium Ltd ( VAL ) alternative beginning of bauxite for its Lanjigarh aluminum oxide refinery because of restraints of jurisprudence even as the company has sent an progress notice for closing down of the works imputing the cause of such utmost measure to non-supply of bauxite as per the understanding with the state-run excavation company. â€Å" OMC has nil to state in this affair as our understanding with Vedanta was limited merely to excavation at Niyamagiri hills, which is sub-judice presently. Sing supply of bauxite from other beginnings, it is the sentinel of the authorities and Vedanta, † said Saswat Mishra, chairman-cum-managing ( CMD ) manager of OMC. The Odisha authorities had identified Niyamgiri mine as the initial beginning of bauxite supply and had instructed state-run mineworker OMC to organize a joint venture with Vedanta to unearth the 78 million metric ton sedimentations at the site. However, Niyamgiri excavation program was subsequently shut down by Union Ministry of Environment and Forest ( MoEF ) , which refused to give it present II forest clearance and besides withdrew the environment clearance granted earlier. VAL pointed out that the MoU included supply of extra bauxite apart from that lying in the Niyamgiri mines. So it was incumbent on the province to set up the stuff from other beginnings. However, the province has non made any effort in this respect though it possessed more than half of the state ‘s bauxite militias. A senior authorities functionary in the steel and mines section said there was no misdemeanor of the understanding as there were regulations and ordinances to present excavation rentals to companies. â€Å" I do non believe we have violated any clause mentioned in the understanding. We must follow the regulations and current patterns, † he said. In absence of the assured supply, the company had to trust upon bauxite mines of Andhra Pradesh, Chhatishgarh and Guajarat to run its refinery even though it had designed its refinery maintaining in head the locally available bauxite when it started its refinery operation five old ages ago. OMC said, at present it does non hold any other bauxite mine, but it is anticipating to acquire forest clearance for another bauxite mine at Kodingamali for which it has signed a Vedanta-like understanding with Hindalco. It has besides applied for some other mines with smaller bauxite sedimentations and has been recommended by the province authorities to run the Sasubohumali mine. In the thick of allegation that authorities is funded by Vedanta contributions,[ 12 ]13the state-owned excavation company said, even if it had other bauxite mines, it can non provide the mineral to Vedanta as this would go against the Torahs. Earlier this twelvemonth, VAL acquired interest in Raycal, a bauxite excavation company of Larsen and Turbo ( L & A ; T ) , after the issue of Dubai Aluminium Company ( Dubal ) . However, the undertaking will take approximately three to four old ages to bring forth bauxite.Vedanta Perspective:â€Å" Merely resources can assist eliminate poorness, † Agarwal had said when quizzed about environmental hazards. â€Å" We ( India ) have to utilize our resources in a sustainable mode for our development. †[ 14 ]Vedanta, which has emerged as a excavation and natural resources giant in last one decennary, had reported grosss of over USD 14 billion during the last financial. Vedanta ‘s willingness to put in Lanjigarh has been welcomed by the Government of India and the State of Odisha, and from its very origin Vedanta has known that the refinery undertaking is non the lone part to development we must do in Odisha. We have recognised that industrial development demands to be complemented by rural and other signifiers of development for those, including the Dongria Kondh and Kutia Kondh – the two tribal communities populating around the works, that may non profit straight or indirectly from the refinery ‘s activities. Against this background, the first stairss to set up the Lanjigarh Project were taken in April 1997 when Sterlite Industries and the Government of Odisha signed an MoU to make an incorporate excavation and refinement undertaking in Kalahandi. A MoU was besides signed between Sterlite Industries and Orissa Mining Corporation ( OMC ) for the supply of bauxite from nearby sedimentations, get downing with the bauxite sedimentat ions on the border of Niyamgiri hills. In 2004, the MoEF gave permission to Vedanta to put up the alumina refinery. When the refinery was established, 121 households were physically displaced. These have all been resettled in the Niyamgiri Vedanta Nagar Resettlement Colony, with 76 household members being employed with the company as lasting employees. Compensation in stead of employment is being provided to the staying households. A farther 1,745 people affected by the refinery but non physically displaced have besides been compensated at changing grades commensurate with the extent of the impact sustained by the puting up of the refinery. In all instances compensation went well beyond the legal demands.[ 15 ] Inspite of holding all the environmental clearances in 2005, allegations from the NGOs and province resistance has halted Vedanta ‘s halted program. Vedanta has besides questioned the NGOs by mentioning that NGOs have been opposing the excavation of bauxite reserved in southern portion of Odisha, but in contrast, NGOs are soundless about Fe ore excavation in Central Odisha[ 16 ]17.Global Chemical reactionsBogged by holds in land acquisitions and environmental clearances, the companies like POSCO and Arcelor Mittal have scaled down their Orissa programs while reconnoitering for alternate sites to house their mega undertakings, every bit large as 10-12 million metric tons in capacity and with investings of more than Rs 1,00,000 crore, say people connected with the concern groups and senior province authorities functionaries. South Korean steel major Posco had programs to mine ores, construct a steel works and put up a port for an estimated cost of Rs 51,000 crore. Anil Agarwal-ow ned Vedanta Resources which has invested about Rs 45,000 crore in its aluminum oxide and power refinery, had committed to pass Rs 15,000 crore in a mega university undertaking, while Arcelor Mittal said it would put Rs 40,000 crore for its steel undertaking.[ 18 ]19Closing Line:It ‘s an first-class illustration of Good administration on the portion of the MoEF and should move as a hindrance for all others who had been taking, all these old ages, authorities clearances as fait accompli and should convey in extremist alterations in their company ‘s attitudes, believing and rightful actions towards sustainable developments in the state. The companies need to eschew off from the unregulated and unchecked greed for stuff additions at the cost of damaging of our eco-system irreversibly for the following coevals to endure and cuss our coevalss.[ 20 ]But It may therefore be submitted that Vedanta Aluminium is adequate of a instance to confirm the widely held place that the Minis try of Environment and Forests has non merely colluded with bureaus engaged in serious misdemeanor of environmental and human rights, but that the Ministry itself is an bureau engaged in the active misdemeanor of waies of the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India. It compromises administrative reappraisal mechanisms with impunity and perpetrates fraud by accepting wholesome prevarications as stuff for its determinations. But for smooth FDI and promote the foreign involvement authorities should propose some redress to Vedanta Aluminium so that it make non incur immense losingss and can mine bauxite from a different beginning to prolong the Lanjigarh Project. Furthermore no less than the leading of the Ministry, that is the Union Minister for Environment and Forests and Secretary of MoEF, must be held accountable for this farce of environmental clearance mechanisms of India. The authorities should avoid policy palsy where the environmental clearance should hold been taken into history before sign language of MoU between Vedanta Aluminium and State authorities. [ Source ][ 21 ]22AbbreviationsOMC Orissa Mining Corporation MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forest VAL Vedanta Aluminum Limited mtpa Million Tonnes Per Annum SIIL Sterlite Industries India Limited CEC Central Empowered Committee PML Proposed Mining LeaseExhibit -1 ( Time line- Vedanta Lanjigarh Project )YearCalendar monthIncident1997 May London-based industrialist Anil Agarwal ‘s Sterlite Industries of India Limited marks memoranda of apprehension ( MOU ) for a excavation undertaking with the Orissa authorities in 1997. 2002 June Land acquisition and a gm sabha notice issued to villagers for the â€Å" proposed Lanjigarh aluminum oxide refinery undertaking † on June 6, 2002. Harmonizing to the notice, 12 small towns would be razed, 60 households displaced and 302 households would lose their farming area when undertaking materialised. 2003 March In March 2003, Sterlite applied to the Union ministry of environment and woods ( Mo EF ) for environmental clearance for the proposed refinery. The application made no reference of the 58.9 hour angle of forestland it required. June On 07.06.2003, Sterlite entered into a Memorandum of Understanding ( for abruptly, â€Å" MOU † ) with the Government of Orissa for puting up of the IMTPA Alumina Refinery and 3MTPA of Bauxite excavation installations every bit good as for the installing of a 4 ten 25 MW confined power works, at an aggregative investing of Rs.4000 crores. August On August 16, 2003, it filed a separate request for clearances under the Forest Conservation Act ( FCA ) , 1980, through the Orissa Industrial Infrastructure Development Commission. 2004 March On March 24, 2004, MoEF informed the company that as the refinery would be dependent on the excavation proposal being cleared, the ministry would see the two proposals together. September Six months subsequently, on September 22, 2004, MOEF reversed its determination and granted the refinery environmental clearance on status that Sterlite got mining clearance before â€Å" operationalising † the refinery. The blessing missive besides stated: â€Å" The undertaking does non affect recreation of forest land. † This, despite the fact that another division of the ministry had received an application for FCA clearance for the refinery. November In November 2004, Orissa ‘s forest section sent Vedanta a show-cause notice for infringing on 10.41 estates ( 4.21 hour angle ) of small town forestland for its refinery. Around the same clip, several militants individually petitioned CEC to hold the company ‘s operations. 2005 March On March 23, 2005, after CEC questioned MoEF about the cogency of an environmental clearance, that the ministry directed VAL to hold building work boulder clay clearance was given for the 58.9 hour angle of forestland within the refinery compound. March The following twenty-four hours the company dashed off a missive to MoEF seeking backdown of its petition for forest clearance for the refinery stating it did n't necessitate the 58.9 hour angle after all. March The province authorities sent MoEF a missive urging backdown of the proposal on March 27, 2005, which happened to be a Sunday. The really following twenty-four hours, the ministry withdrew its halt work order, without trouble oneselfing to look into why the company had changed its stance. September In September 2005, CEC recommended to the Supreme Court that mining should non be permitted on Niyamgiri hill. The study was a vituperative indictment of the undertaking and questioned the unity of the governments involved. 2006 February In February 2006, the apex tribunal referred the affair to MoEF ‘s Forest Advisory Committee ( FAC ) – which looks into recreation of forestland for non-forest purposes-and asked for a study in three months. February FAC, in bend, asked the Wildlife Institute of India ( WII ) and Central Mine Planning and Design Institute Limited ( CMPDIL ) , to measure the undertaking for dirt eroding and impact on H2O resources. May CMPDIL, harmonizing to Vedanta ‘s attorneies ‘ statements during Supreme Court hearings on May 16 and May 18, 2007, cleared the undertaking of all water-related concerns. June However, WII ‘s study submitted in June 2006 warned that bauxite excavation in Niyamgiri tableland would destruct a specialized wildlife home ground. However, following a particular presentation by Orissa forest officers, the institute tagged on a auxiliary study in October 2006, which included a Rs 42-crore program for extenuation of impact on wildlife. September Based on the two studies, FAC recommended recreation of forestland for the excavation undertaking. September However, in another affair, the Supreme Court had already ordered a reappraisal of clearances granted by FAC after September 15, 2006, which included the VAL undertaking. December On December 8, 2006, the tribunal asked CEC to register more remarks. When the affair was heard on May 16 and 18, 2007, CEC iterated its base that MoEF had acted irresponsibly and with â€Å" undue hastiness † in allowing Vedanta clearances. 2007AWhile instance pending in the Supreme tribunal, the refinery operated with bauxite from Vedanta ‘s Chhattisgarh mines. 2008 December In-principle clearance for 660.749 hour angle of forestland for excavation was granted on December 11, 2008. 2009 April Further, in April 2009, forest clearance was given for an extra country of 33.73 hour angle. Public hearing for 6 creases enlargement of the refinery was held on April 26, 2009. April Clearance by the MoEF to the excavation undertaking of Vedanta on April 28, 2009 despite widespread protests. 2010 August Temporary backdown of clearance rights by the MoEF on the recommendations of FAC on August 24.08.10 2012 September Vedanta sought permission to close down its refinery at Lanjigarh due to scarceness of natural stuff. Shutdown will get down from December 5,2012 if the natural stuff is non made available Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cseindia.org/content/vedanta's-lanjigarh-project-refinery-and-bauxite-mining

“What Were the Major Reasons for the Creation of the State...

07677 SOUTH WEST ASIA ASSIGNMENT 1 â€Å"WHAT WERE THE MAJOR REASONS FOR THE CREATION OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL? WAS THE BALFOUR DECLARATION THE TURNING POINT IN THE ZIONIST QUEST FOR ISRAEL?† Lecturer: Ms S. Chappell Student: Mark Walker-Roberts Lecture / Tutorial Group: Wednesday 9 - 12 p.m. Due Date: 04 September, 1996 INTRODUCTION The state of Israel emerged on May 15, 1948. It was the first Jewish state to be established in nearly 2,000 years and was the culmination of efforts by the Jews to secure a homeland for themselves. This paper will explore the major reasons for its creation. It will be shown to be a long enduring quest that has biblical origins. Subsequently both biblical history and geography will be worthy of†¦show more content†¦Palestine is the Holy Land of three of the world’s major religions - Islam, Judaism and Christianity. They all have significant historical and religious sites in this region. (Harper, 1986, p.17) The biblical claim, supported by the historical claim by the Jews, is at the heart of the major reasons for the creation of the state of Israel. Its creation was based on the belief by Jews that the land was promised to them by God. Even though there has been a series of ‘take overs’ and occupations by others in this area and the occurrence of numerous ‘persecutions’ of Jews (which will be commented on later 4 in greater detail) worldwide since, causing other reasons for Jews to seek refuge in a homeland of their own, the Biblical reasons should not be underestimated as a major factor for the state of Israel being realised in the first place. It was after Jewish exile and disaspora thereafter worldwide and the subsequent ramifications of this that caused renewed motivation for the creation of the Jewish state. One such example came in the form of Zionism. 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